HIV Testing and Screening in Singapore

How Do I Know If I Have HIV?

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) often doesn’t cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages. Some people may experience flu-like symptoms—such as fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, or skin rashes—within two to four weeks of infection. However, these signs can easily be mistaken for other common illnesses.

The only reliable way to know your HIV status is to get tested. This can be done through a simple blood test at a clinic or with a home testing kit. You should consider getting tested if you’ve been exposed to potential risk factors, such as:

• Sexually Risky Activities: Having multiple or casual partners, inconsistent condom use, or sexual contact with commercial sex workers.
• Uncertainty About Partner's History: If you are unsure about your partner's sexual history or have recently changed sexual partners.
• Shared Needles or Unhygienic Procedures: If you have shared needles or sharp objects, or undergone piercing or tattooing using unsterilised equipment.
• Blood Transfusions or Surgery Overseas: Receiving blood transfusions or undergoing surgery in countries with less stringent safety regulations.

Early detection and treatment of HIV are vital for preventing the progression to AIDS. If you think you may be at risk, speak with your doctor about getting tested.

How Do HIV Tests Work in Singapore?

HIV tests work by detecting antibodies, p24 antigens, or the presence of HIV in the blood. Generally, these factors are only detectable within a specified time frame depending on the type of test performed. This is why doctors recommend taking multiple tests during the appropriate window period in order to ensure accurate results.

There are three main types of HIV tests in Singapore:

1. HIV Antibody Test (ELISA test) – This test offers conclusive results at >90% accuracy when performed 1 month after exposure. A confirmatory test is usually then performed 3 months later for more accurate results, with a specificity of >99%. This involves a blood test which is used to detect the presence of HIV antibodies. Antibodies are produced as the immune system’s response to HIV infection.
2. HIV 4th Generation Test (HIV Combo) – This test can also provide conclusive results and can be administered as early as 28 days after exposure. This blood test detects both the presence of HIV antibodies and p24 antigens, which are proteins from the virus itself.
3. HIV RNA Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Test – This test looks directly for HIV RNA or DNA in the blood and can be performed as soon as around 9 to 11 days after exposure. This is usually recommended for patients who have had a recent high-risk exposure or as a confirmatory test for other HIV tests.

When Should You Get Tested for HIV?

Typically, HIV infections can present symptoms in 2-4 weeks after exposure. However, there are cases where it presents little to no symptoms, especially in the early weeks following infection. Therefore, HIV screening in Singapore is crucial to determine whether or not an HIV infection is present.

There are several tests performed to detect HIV, such as the HIV RNA PCR test and the HIV Combo test. These tests can be done by collecting blood or saliva samples from the patient. While rapid HIV tests can deliver faster results, doctors generally recommend taking lab-based screenings for greater accuracy.

The type of test done is determined by the time from when a person could have been infected with HIV. If the potential HIV infection was:

• < 3 days ago – do not think about testing. Instead, talk to our doctor about HIV post0exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to reduce the risk of infection following a possible exposure.
• 10 to 28 days ago – the HIV RNA PCR test is recommended as a conclusive test. Blood is drawn from the arm and sent to the lab. It may take several days to get results.
• 28 to 90 days ago – the HIV 4th Generation (aka HIV Combo) Test is recommended as a conclusive test. This is done in the HIV clinic via a fingerprick. It takes several minutes to get results.
• > 90 days ago – the HIV 3rd Generation Test is recommended as a conclusive test. This is done in the HIV screening clinic via a fingerprick. It takes several minutes to get results.

Where Can I Get Tested for HIV in Singapore?

You can get tested at most hospitals, polyclinics and private clinics. Dr Tan Medical Center is one of the places where you can get tested for HIV. Our private clinic offers a range of HIV screening tests that are accurate and reliable. You will also be able to consult with our experienced doctor for an in-depth discussion of your symptoms and results within a short period of time.

FAQs About HIV Testing in Singapore