Understanding Genital Herpes: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

Genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) globally. In Singapore, it remains a significant public health concern, particularly among sexually active adults. Despite its prevalence, public understanding of the condition is often limited.

What Is Genital Herpes?

Genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two main types:

• HSV-1:

  This type typically causes oral herpes but is increasingly responsible for genital infections through oral-genital contact.

• HSV-2:

  This is more commonly associated with genital infections and tends to recur more frequently.

The virus spreads through skin-to-skin contact, usually during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Once contracted, it remains latent in the body and may reactivate periodically.

Prevalence in Singapore

According to the Ministry of Health Singapore, genital herpes is among the top five STIs diagnosed at public health clinics. In 2023, over 1,200 cases were reported, although the actual numbers are believed to be higher due to underdiagnosis and asymptomatic infections. The silent nature of herpes, especially in its early stages, contributes to wider transmission, as many individuals are unaware they are carriers.

Symptoms of Genital Herpes

Most infected individuals may not display any symptoms initially. When symptoms do manifest, they may include:

• Painful blisters or ulcers on the genitals, buttocks, or anus

• Itching or tingling sensations before an outbreak

• Discomfort or burning during urination

• Fever, body aches, and swollen lymph nodes, especially during a first episode

The first outbreak is often the most severe and can last two to four weeks. According to the CDC, recurring outbreaks may occur but tend to be milder and shorter in duration.

How Is Genital Herpes Diagnosed?

Dr Tan strongly recommends STI testing for anyone experiencing symptoms or whose partner has been diagnosed with genital herpes. Early detection allows for effective management and reduces the risk of unknowingly transmitting the virus.

Diagnostic methods include:

• Swab testing of fluid from active blisters

  This method involves collecting fluid from open herpes blisters for laboratory analysis to confirm the presence of the herpes simplex virus (HSV).

• Serological (blood) tests for HSV antibodies

  Blood tests can detect HSV antibodies, indicating a past or current HSV infection. These tests may be useful for diagnosing infection in the absence of active lesions or for identifying asymptomatic infections.

• Clinical assessment during consultation

  A thorough evaluation of symptoms and medical history during a consultation can aid in the diagnosis, especially when combined with laboratory testing.

Treatment Options in Singapore

Although there is no cure for herpes, several antiviral medications help manage symptoms and reduce the frequency of outbreaks.

Common Antivirals Prescribed:

• Acyclovir

• Valacyclovir

• Famciclovir

Treatment may be episodic, taken during outbreaks, or suppressive, taken daily to minimise recurrence and transmission risk. Suppressive therapy can be useful for individuals with frequent relapses or those in relationships with uninfected partners.

Living with Genital Herpes

A diagnosis of genital herpes can be emotionally challenging, but with proper care, individuals can lead fulfilling lives. Key strategies for managing the condition include:

• Avoiding sexual contact during outbreaks
• Using condoms consistently and correctly
• Practising open communication with partners
• Following antiviral treatment regimens when recommended

Early education and de-stigmatising conversations are essential to help individuals seek treatment promptly.

At Dr Tan Medical Center, patients receive comprehensive sexual health care in a confidential and professional setting. Patients can enjoy short waiting times for appointments and personalised treatments. Contact us today to book a consultation.

Meet Our Doctor

Dr Tan Kok Kuan is a dedicated doctor specialising in sexual health, including HIV/AIDS. With over 20 years of clinical experience, he offers confidential, precise, and discreet HIV screening and treatment services. Notably, Dr Tan was one of the key authors of Singapore’s National HIV PrEP Guidelines and the national Blueprint to end HIV transmission by 2030.